Work Cited 4

Work Cited

Joffe, David J. "False Reporting and False Accusations of Domestic Violence." domesticviolencelawye. Joffe and Joffe, 2010. Web. 22 Nov 2010. Rosenthal, Mark . "RADAR." mediaradar.org. Respecting Accuracy in Domestic Abuse Reporting, 29 Jan 2007. Web. 22 Nov 2010. <http://www.mediaradar.org/press_release_20070129.php

Clark, Doug. "Domestic Violence." The National Fathers' Resource Center . NFRC, 2002. Web. 22 Nov 2010. <http://www.fathers4kids.com/html/DomesticViolence.htm>.

Chase, Ayinde . "False Domestic Violence Allegations Growing More Common In Custody Issues." antimisandry. Radar, 30 Jan 2007. Web. 22 Nov 2010. <http://antimisandry.com/facts-figures/over-one-million-false-allegations-domestic-violence-each-year-3795.html>.

Weinberger , Bari . "False Accusations Defense." Defending Against False Accusations . Weinberger Law Group, 2009. Web. 22 Nov 2010. <http://www.weinbergerlawgroup.com/Domestic-Violence/Defending-Against-False-Accusations.html>.

Corso, Christopher. "domestic violence arizona." Domestic Violence Defense Lawyers. Corso & Rhude, 2010. Web. 22 Nov 2010. <http://domesticviolencearizona.com/>.

Discioarro, Michael. "The Plight of the Falsely Accused in Domestic Violence Cases." lawfirms. ExpertHub, 2010. Web. 22 Nov 2010. <http://www.lawfirms.com/resources/criminal-defense/criminal-defense-case/falsely-accused-domestic-violence.htm<http://www.domesticviolencelawyer.us/false_accusations.asp>.

False Allegations of Domestic Violence Cost Taxpayers $20 Billion ." mediaradar. RADAR, 2008. Web. 22 Nov 2010. <http://www.mediaradar.org/docs/RADARreport-False-DV-Allegations-Cost-20-Billion.pdf>.

Larson, Aaron. "False Accusation Issues." Men's Rights Online. Men's Rights Online , 2009. Web. 22 Nov 2010. <http://www.mens-rights.net/law/accusations.htm>.

Watson, Bruce. "A Hidden Crime." dailyfinance. AOL Money & Finance, 30 Jan 2010. Web. 22 Nov 2010. <http://www.dailyfinance.com/story/a-hidden-crime-domestic-violence-against-men-is-a-growing-probl/19297449/>.

Winfrey, Oprah. "Oprah Winfrey must neutrally discuss domestic violence." Oprah.com. Harpo, Inc, 2010. Web. 22 Nov 2010. <http://www.oprah.com/community/thread/108663>.

"False Domestic Violence Claims Raise Concerns." WowKtv. 13 WowKtv, 17 Sep 2008. Web. 22 Nov 2010. <http://wowktv.com/story.cfm?func=viewstory&storyid=44182>.

Savin, Nicola. "DOMESTIC VIOLENCE." Family Law toronto. Birenbaum, Steinberg, Landau, Savin & Colraine, LLP, 2010. Web. 4 Dec 2010. <http://www.familylawtoronto.ca/FAMabout.html>.

Essay 4

I Do Not Necessarily Agree With Everything I Have Found And Cited 

Guilty Beyond a Reasonable Doubt

 There has been an increase to one million Domestic violence cases were in which physical violence is not even alleged. False accusations of domestic violence have become so popular and widespread that lawyers from all around have a nick name for them “a legal slam dunk”. These cases are getting so popular especially for a woman to file one because of all the perks that come out of it. These cases are filed for many reasons some include to give leverage to one side in a child custody case, to get even with a partner, to sue for money, and to receive some of the benefits that belong to an actual female victim of domestic violence. Please don’t take me wrong I really believe domestic violence is completely wrong and uncalled for and the person that commits this crime should be punished accordingly, but it is also wrong when someone files false claims and sends a innocent person to jail, not only that but it will stay on the victims record for their life and he or she will even lose some of their constitutional rights, like the 2^nd amendment, the right to bear arms.  My point is people who file false accusations of domestic violence or any other crime similar should have equal or greater punishments to the crime that was falsely filed, also police should have some kind of physical evidence other than the police officers discretion to make an arrest and file charges for this crime, but to help those who are abused restraining orders and other protective services can be made or used without hard evidence so the real victims can still be protected, this is because of how these false accusations have become so popular and people are twisting and breaking the law to use this as leverage is custody cases and for other reasons, also males have be painted as the all time abuser and cops are trained to be sympathetic toward the women, in these cases leaving a easy way to manipulate the law and have innocent people (male or female) arrested for something they have not done. 

These false allegations of domestic violence have become so popular now day’s and something needs to be done to stop it. Over one million cases of domestic violence are filed each year were there wasn’t even any physical harm or evidence (Chase). These cases have become so popular that lawyers even have a nickname for them which is “a legal slam dunk” (Rosenthal).  Fathers' organizations now estimate that up to 80% of domestic violence allegations against men are false allegations. Since society offers women so many perks for claiming that they are victims of DV, false or staged DV allegations now appear to be even more frequent in family court cases than false sex abuse allegations and they are much easier to fabricate (Clark).  False accusations are claimed from a variety of people which includes all ages, all races and even both sexes, but females are more likely to because of how easy it is for them and because of some of the perks that come with it. I can even account for one of these because two years ago I broke up with my ex girl friend and she has threaten to accuse me before but I didn’t take her seriously. I took my apartment key I gave her back, but I didn’t know she had made a copy of it. I was sleeping because I had to work early that morning. Around 4 o’clock in the morning she comes is my apartment (which was trespassing in the first place) intoxicated and tried to lay down with me. I woke up and was shocked, I got up and got ready for work and tried to convince her to leave. She got mad because I was serious about breaking up with her, she hit me in the face, broke my radio, yelled and screamed pushed me, and threw my stuff around so I tried to get out of the door and she pushed me again but she was drunk so she feel and hit my dresser. I was frustrated and left. When I came back to check if she was still illegally in my apartment, the cops were there and arrested me. Even when I told them what happened I was still arrested, and even when she sobered up and tried to drop the whole thing because I didn’t do anything the court didn’t allow it and it is still on file today. This is completely wrong and I’m hoping I can have it expunged soon because it effects my ability to find work, plus I was the victim not her, this is why I believe that something needs to be done to investigate these cases more accurately.

There is such a broad term for domestic violence that it leaves an easy way to falsely accuse someone of it. Unfortunately, innocent men and women are wrongfully accused of domestic violence every day.  Often times, these allegations are simply designed to obtain an advantage in a divorce or child custody proceeding (Weinberger ). In addition, false charges of domestic violence can be filed out of jealousy, anger, or revenge, and can have both civil and criminal consequences (Corso). In order to make this law harder to manipulate their needs to be better investigations that follow a report of domestic violence. This law is twisted everyday to accuse and charge innocent people. Spouses have been known to file false reports leading up to custody battle’s and divorce’s (Discioarro). Another reason for these false accusations is a domestic violence "victim" receives special treatment for welfare, public housing, and other state and federal benefits. In New York City, a domestic violence victim is moved up on the list for public housing and can get cash from the state. This is done without the defendant having been convicted of anything; the public agencies take the accusers word for it (Discioarro). Since domestic violence most often takes place without the presence of witnesses, it is a charge that is easily abused. Once a false report is made, even if the complainant doesn't follow through, these cases are hard to stop and can have devastating personal and legal consequences (Joffe). In many cases allegations of abuse are used for a tactical advantage, and the government still spends 1 billion dollars a year on domestic violence programs ("mediaradar"). All that I am saying is something needs to be done to make sure this law isn’t abused anymore and we need to be sure we aren’t sending innocent people to jail because this can have a negative impact on the rest of the victims life.

The worst part about all the false reports as a male is; that males are already painted as the abuser in a way, and cops are even trained to be sympathetic toward the female in the case (Larson), So it is much easier to frame a male of domestic violence. In domestic violence cases, men have a disadvantage (Watson). A man could hit a woman who is trying to attack him with a bat and cops have often arrested the men for abuse and battery though he acted in self-defense. Sometimes innocent people are arrested and convicted of crimes they did not do. Domestic violence is a crime where many innocent men get arrested because cops reach the wrong conclusion by automatically believing the woman though it's the woman who committed the act (Winfrey). Something needs to be done so this law doesn’t hurt more people then it helps,

The opposing view of my argument is that men are the aggressors in most cases and that it is already hard enough for women to come forward a make a case when being a victim of domestic violence. This is not a good argument because in this generation statistics show that 50% or more of the time, women are the one’s who initiate the dispute (Clark). This is confirmed by hundreds of valid studies, the authors of which are sometimes threatened with discontinuation of funding for being “politically incorrect”. It is so easy to file a case of false domestic violence, let alone a real case. Those who daily deal with the issue of domestic violence are concerned over the growing issue of filing a false police report ("WowKtv"). There are a large number of these types of cases occurring all over the United States. Veteran officers say prosecuting someone for filing a false domestic violence report would have a long-lasting negative impact. It would deter anyone from ever reporting a domestic incident ("WowKtv"); because of this it makes it easy to file false claims and not even have to worry about getting caught or penalized. It is easy for women to file claims, and even if a man or woman didn’t want to do that, He or She could just get a restraining order because those are virtually given to every one that applies.

I honestly know domestic violence is completely wrong and I agree that people found guilty should be punished. I don’t want any girl “or man” to be abused in a relationship. I do not agree with physical violence, but something needs to be done to help all the innocent people that are sent to jail for no reason. Domestic violence cases should be handled more appropriately and people who file false claims should have equal or greater charges, and police officers should have hard or physical evidence in order to make an arrest and charge someone because, false accusations have become so widespread, and the law has been twisted to penalize innocent people and give the opposing person a tactical advantage in court, especially when dealing with custody battles, and males are so much more likely to be the victim of false accusations because cops are trained to be more sympathetic and believing of the female.

Outline

Intro-  facts about false accusations, my rough thesis statement that leads into my plan of action and 3 points

point1- false accusations have become so widespread and popular that lawyers call them the legal slam dunk

point2- these false accusations can be used as leverage in custody battles and can destroy the victims life and career also these false accusations tear family's apart

point3- Police officers are trained to be sympathetic towards women who allege they are victims of spousal abuse. Due to feminist lobbying, police officers are trained to believe the feminist theory that domestic violence is a patriarchal practice used to oppress women.

opponents point of view- That women are the ones abused most of the time, and that it is already hard enough for a victim of domestic violence to come forward and make a case,

conclusion- something needs to be done to help all the Innocent people that are being charged with domestic violence ( and to stop wasting all the states money on false cases) but also keep it to were true victims can still have help and be safe

finding a thesis

I am trying to come up with a thesis statement, but I am not sure of what to say, I got this so far but i need to make it short and sweet!!!

  people who file false accusations of domestic violence or any other crime similar should have equal or greater punishments to the crime that was falsely filed, also cops should have some kind of physical evidence other than the police officers discretion to make an arrest and file charges for this crime, but to help those who are abused restraining orders and other protective services can be made or used without hard evidence so you can still be protected while in the middle of trial and while convincing the jury that the defendant is guilty beyond reasonable doubt.

Possible topics

Here are some topics I am thinking about for my fourth essay.. I'm still not sure what to write about if anyone haves any ideas or think one of these topics is good or better than the other please let me know.

Does boredom lead to trouble?

 Does religion cause war?

Is the cost of college too high?

Is college admission too competitive?

Do violent video games cause behavior problems?

Are we too dependent on computers?

 Are law enforcement cameras an invasion of privacy?

 Is domestic violence increasing or is it all in the mind of the supposed victims?

Work Cited (credibility)

Work Cited

Garlick, Mark. Astronomy. Buffalo New York: Firefly Books Ltd., 2004. 74-114. Print.
1) Yes
2) This is a print source and the author haves a good back round and a good education
3)yes

Spence, Pam. The Universe Revealed. New york NY: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 54-75. Print.
1) Yes
2) This is also another print source were the author has done allot of research and haves a good education and back round books tend to be more credible then most Internet sources
3) Yes

Cooley, Keith . "How The Moon Affects Ocean Tides...." /home.hiwaay.net/. Keith Cooley , 2002. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://home.hiwaay.net/~krcool/Astro/moon/moontides>.
1)  yes
2) Cooley received a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering physics and a Master of Science degree in nuclear engineering from the University of Michigan (U-M) in 1967 and 1972, respectively.  As a U-M graduate student, he founded the Minority Engineering Programs Office, College of Engineering
3) yes

Henney, Paul J. "How Earth and the Moon interact." astronomy today. astronomy today, n.d. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.astronomytoday.com/astronomy/earthmoon.html>.
1) I'm not sure
2) I'm guessing he isn't very credible because i can not find any back round as far as education in science and or physics all i see is that he works for a hotel and etc. so he probably isn't very professional in this field
3) Probably not

Spudis, Paul D. "Moon." World Book at NASA. World Book, Inc, 2004. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/moon_worldbook.html>.
1) yes
2)  Paul D. Spudis, Ph.D., Deputy Director and Staff Scientist, Lunar and Planetary Institute. He seems to have a good back round in science
3) yes

Metcalfe, Travis . "Earth's Tilt Is the Reason for the Seasons." windows2universe. National Earth Science Teachers Association, 31 Oct 2006. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/climate/cli_seasons.html>.
1) yes
2) He has a great education the website i got the info from was an organization instead of another .com and he had received help from Astronomy & Astrophysics Fellowship from the National Science Foundation
3) Yes

Espenak , Fred. "Solar Eclipses for Beginners ." mreclipse. Fred Espenak, 26 Sep 2009. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/SEprimer.html>.
1) yes
2) is an American astrophysicist. He works at the Goddard Space Flight Center. He is best known for his work on eclipse predictions. Espenak earned a bachelor's degree in physics from Wagner College, Staten Island, where he worked in the planetarium.
3) yes

Hathaway, Dr. David H. "Coronal Mass Ejections ." solarscience. Solar Physics, 18 Jan 2007. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/CMEs.shtml>.
1) yes
2) he is a DR and has a good education and back round
3) yes

Russell, Randy . "Coronal Mass Ejections." windows2universe. National Earth Science Teachers Association, 29 Mar 2010. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.windows2universe.org/sun/cmes.html>.
1) yes
2) he is a teacher and i got the info off a good website that seems credible to me
3) yes

Whyte, David B. "A Matter of Degrees: How Does the Tilt of Earth's Axis Affect the Seasons? ." sciencebuddies. Science Buddies, 06 May 2009. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/EnvSci_p051.shtml>.
1) yes
2) he has a good back round and education
3) yes

Work Cited

Work Cited

Garlick, Mark. Astronomy. Buffalo New York: Firefly Books Ltd., 2004. 74-114. Print.

Spence, Pam. The Universe Revealed. New york NY: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 54-75. Print.

Cooley, Keith . "How The Moon Affects Ocean Tides...." /home.hiwaay.net/. Keith Cooley , 2002. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://home.hiwaay.net/~krcool/Astro/moon/moontides>.

Henney, Paul J. "How Earth and the Moon interact." astronomy today. astronomy today, n.d. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.astronomytoday.com/astronomy/earthmoon.html>.

Spudis, Paul D. "Moon." World Book at NASA. World Book, Inc, 2004. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/moon_worldbook.html>.

Metcalfe, Travis . "Earth's Tilt Is the Reason for the Seasons." windows2universe. National Earth Science Teachers Association, 31 Oct 2006. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/climate/cli_seasons.html>.

Espenak , Fred. "Solar Eclipses for Beginners ." mreclipse. Fred Espenak, 26 Sep 2009. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/SEprimer.html>.

Hathaway, Dr. David H. "Coronal Mass Ejections ." solarscience. Solar Physics, 18 Jan 2007. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/CMEs.shtml>.

Russell, Randy . "Coronal Mass Ejections." windows2universe. National Earth Science Teachers Association, 29 Mar 2010. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.windows2universe.org/sun/cmes.html>.

Whyte, David B. "A Matter of Degrees: How Does the Tilt of Earth's Axis Affect the Seasons? ." sciencebuddies. Science Buddies, 06 May 2009. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/EnvSci_p051.shtml>.

essay 3

How The Moon Effects The Earth And The People On It

The most famous theory of the moons creation was thought out to be called the giant impact hypothesis. This proposes that the Moon was created out of the debris left over from a collision between the young Earth and a Mars-sized body. Due to the creation of the moon, the Earth and the people on it are affected in many ways, because of the moon the earth has changes in its ocean tides, a nice stable axial tilt, and total solar eclipses.

Ocean Tides are the result of the gravitational pull of the moon and the Sun. Although the moon is much smaller than the Sun, it is also much closer to the Earth so its effect is about twice that of the Sun (Spence 54-75).  Spring tides are when the Sun, the Moon, and the Earth are lined up. At this point the Sun and Moon reinforce each others gravity causing the tides to be more drastic, water levels are very high when the tide is in and very low when the tide is out (Garlick 74-114). Neap tides, by contrast, occur when the Moon, Sun and Earth form a triangle in space. At this time the gravities of the Sun and Moon cancel each other out by some degree, and the water levels are then at their least extreme (Cooley).

It is considered likely by many scientist that the current 23.5 degree tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation is a relic of the oblique collision which produced the Moon we see today (Henney). Furthermore it is argued that the presence of the orbiting Moon has, help to keep this axial tilt of the Earth’s axis (Spudis). One of the significant consequences of the axial tilt is the creation of a variety of seasons (Whyte). The seasons are caused as the Earth, tilted on its axis, travels in a loop around the Sun each year. Summer happens in the hemisphere tilted towards the Sun, and winter happens in the hemisphere tilted away from the Sun (Metcalfe). If Earth had no tilt it is likely that the conditions would be a lot less stable, it could go from one extreme to the other. Thanks to the moon we have our steady tilt on Earths axis which produces seasons for the northern and southern hemispheres.

A total solar eclipse is another effect the moon has on the Earth. This happens up to twice a year, but you need to be in the path of totality to witness a total eclipse, and it is only about 100 miles wide and can be up to 10,000 miles long (Espenak ). A total solar eclipse happens when the moon comes directly in between the Earth and the Sun, and when the geometry is just right and you are in the path of totality, the moon blocks out the whole Sun, only leaving only the corona (Garlick 74-114). This is when scientist realized the importance of the total solar eclipse. When the Sun is blocked out scientist can observe the outer atmosphere of the Sun and this is when they discovered the dangers of Coronal mass ejections. Coronal mass ejections (CME’s) are explosions in the Sun's corona that spew out solar particles (Hathaway). CME's can seriously disrupt the Earths atmosphere and environment (Russell). Intense radiation from the Sun, which arrives only 8 minutes after being released, can alter the Earth's outer atmosphere, which can destroy long-distance radio communications. Energetic particles pushed along by the shock wave of the CME can put astronauts in danger, and fry satellite electronics (Hathaway). The actual coronal mass ejection arrives at the Earth one to four days after the initial eruption, resulting in strong geomagnetic storms, auroras and electrical power blackouts. Thanks to the moon and the total solar eclipses we now know about the dangers of CME’s and we can prepare for them. NASA now has satellites that mimic solar eclipses so the space administration can monitor the Sun at all hours and warn people of these storms so we can hopefully dodge a deadly blackout.

We may not know exactly how we got the moon we have today, weather it was a collision between Earth and a Mars sized body, or just the gravity luring in satellites closer to our planet, or maybe we just always had it. Either way, we know that we take the moon for granted and don’t realize how it effects the Earth and the day to day life we live on it. In the long run the moon gives us ocean tides, a stable tilt on Earths axis and a beautiful solar eclipse, which helped us realize the dangers that hide in the Suns corona.

outline for essay 3

Intro-   The most famous theory of the moons creation was thought out to be called the giant impact hypothesis; this proposes that the Moon was created out of the debris left over from a collision between the young Earth and a Mars-sized body. Due to the creation of the moon, the earth and the people on it are effected in many ways something’s are less obvious than others; because of the moon the earth has changes in its ocean tides, a nice stable axial tilt which promotes a nice even seasonal change, and because of the total solar eclipse's scientist now know the dangers that hide in the suns corona

Paragraph 1- Ocean tides
what causes them
what that did for us
how is it important and why does it happen

Paragraph 2- The stable Axel tilt
What is it
why this is so important to us
how it causes a nice flow of seasons instead of a drastic leap from cold to hot all the time.

Paragraph 3- total solar eclipses
what is a total solar eclipse when do they occur and how is the moon involved
how does this affect us? (We now know about the deadly magnetic storms the sun throws at us also known as coronal mass ejections) now we can monitor the sun and be prepared for a deadly magnetic storm.

*conclusion*

Thesis statement for essay 3

  Due to the creation of the moon, the earth and the people on it are affected in many ways somethings are less obvious than others; because of the moon the earth has changes in its ocean tides, a nice stable axial tilt which promotes a  good seasonal change, and because of the total solar eclipse's scientist now know the dangers that hide in the suns corona

Questions on topic 3

how was the moon created?
How old is the moon that we see?
Did the earth always have a moon?
Which ways does the moon effect the earth?
Are tides caused by the moon?
How is a total solar eclipse important to us?
Did the moon help create a calender?
Would we live the same without the moon?

essay 2 revised

The Two Different Kinds Of Planets In Our Solar System

            On Aug 24, 2006, Pluto was officially stripped of its planetary status, thus confirming it as a dwarf planet. The reason is because it did not meet the new qualifications to be a planet in our solar system. This now only leaves us with eight planets that orbit our star we call the sun. Even though all these heavenly bodies in our solar system are classified as the same thing, planets, they differ in many ways. The two types of planets in the solar system, terrestrial and Jovian planets are located in different areas in relation to the sun, have a unique composition, and have different satellites in their orbits due to the planets unique mass and gravitational pull.

One of the big differences between Jovian and terrestrial planets is the distance from the sun. All terrestrial planets are relatively much closer to the sun as opposed to Jovian planets. The outer most terrestrial planet is Mars, and it is, at the most, 154.8 million miles away from the sun, and it can be as close it is 128.4 million miles away. The closest Jovian planet is Jupiter, and that is, at the most, 506.9 million miles away and it can be as close as 460.4 million miles away (Garlick 74-114), which is still a very big difference from mars. This is just an idea of how much the distance differs. The reason is the formation of the solar system, if there is two clouds of gas and dust from the sun (one is far away and cold while the other is close and hot), the gases from the inner cloud will be lost before it collapses, but the outer cloud on the other hand will expand and collapse, in the end the terrestrial planets end up being mainly composed of metals and rock while the Jovian planets end up being mainly composed of gases and liquid (Howe). Also because the outer planets are outside the frost line, temperatures are cooler and hydrogen compounds are able to condense into ices (Wolf). This is how distance can play the difference between the two types of planets.

The atmosphere and composition also make these planets different. Venus and Mars have an atmosphere that is compose of mainly carbon dioxide which is 95% on Venus and 96% on Mars, Venus and Mars also have nitrogen which is 3.2 percent on Venus and 2.7% on Mars (Garlick 74-114), Earth is the only planet with oxygen in the atmosphere which makes up 21% of the atmosphere and 78% is nitrogen, and Mercury virtually has no atmosphere (Hamilton). Besides Mercury, carbon dioxide and nitrogen make up the atmosphere for most of the terrestrial planets. Hydrogen and helium make up most of the atmosphere for the Jovian planets, for Jupiter and Saturn it makes up 90% or more of the atmosphere, and the remaining 10% or less is helium, Uranus and Neptune have about 80% hydrogen, 15 to 18% helium and the remaining 2 to 3 % is methane (Spence 54-75). Just the composition of the atmosphere for Jovian and Terrestrial planets differs greatly. As for the rest of the composition, the main difference between these two types of planets is; Jovian planets have relatively no solid parts in the composition, it is mainly gas and liquid, and terrestrial planets are mainly rocks and other solid material (Strobel). This is how the composition and atmosphere of the Jovian and Terrestrial planets differ.

The terrestrial planets have very few satellites, otherwise known as moons. This is because the terrestrial planets lack in size compared to the gas giants, therefore, they have less of a gravitational pull on the objects around them. There are only three moons that the terrestrial planets have; Mars has two of them, Phobos and Deimos ("Astronomy 161"), while the other moon on the terrestrial side orbits Earth. The greater masses of the Jovian planets give them a much stronger gravitational pull so they tend to pick up more satellites. Jupiter has the most known satellites, it has an incredible 61 moons (Curtis), Saturn itself has 31 moons like Jupiter some of them haven’t even been named yet. Neptune has 13 moons, and Uranus has 27 moons (Robbins). All together the Jovian planets have an amazing 132 known moons, while the terrestrial planets only have 3 moons. That is a big difference and it is all because of how massive the Jovian planets are compared to the smaller terrestrial planets.

So even though all eight of these heavenly bodies in our solar system are categorized as virtually the same thing “planets,” that does not mean they are. The distance, composition, and gravitational pull on objects around them are just some of the main differences, and this is perhaps why scientist gave our eight planets two different categories Jovian and terrestrial.

Work cited

Work Cited

Garlick, Mark. Astronomy. Buffalo New York: Firefly Books Ltd., 2004. 74-114. Print.

Howe, Lauren . "Our Solar System." scienceclass.ning.com. James Linzel, 26 may 2008. Web. 3 Oct 2010. <http://scienceclass.ning.com/profiles/blogs/1677792:BlogPost:3598>.

Wolf, Portia. "The Outer Planets." lasp.colorado.edu. LASP, may 2008. Web. 3 Oct 2010. <http://lasp.colorado.edu/education/outerplanets/solsys_planets.php>.

Hamilton, Calvin . "Views of the Solar System ." solarviews. Calvin J. Hamilton, 2010. Web. 3 Oct 2010. <http://www.solarviews.com/eng/mercury.htm>.

Spence, Pam. The Universe Revealed. New york NY: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 54-75. Print.

Strobel, Nick . "Determining Planet Properties." Planetary Science. Planetary Science, 01 jun 2007. Web. 3 Oct 2010. <http://www.astronomynotes.com/solarsys/s2.htm>.

"The Moons Of Mars." Astronomy 161. Astronomy 161, 2003. Web. 3 Oct 2010. <http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/index.html>.

Curtis, Anthony. "EXPLORING THE JUPITER SYSTEM." Space Today Online. Space Today Online, 2004. Web. 3 Oct 2010. <http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Jupiter/JupiterLinks.

Robbins, Stuart. "Uranus' Moons." Journey Through The Galaxy. Stuart Robbins, 13 sep 2006. Web. 3 Oct 2010. <http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/stu/uranus_moons.html>.

Rough Draft

The Two Different Kinds Of Planets In Our Solar System

            On Aug 24 2006 Pluto was officially stripped of its planetary status, thus confirming it as a dwarf planet. The reason being, is it did not meet the new qualifications to be confirmed a planet in our solar system. This now only leaves us with eight planets that orbit are star that we call the sun. Even though all these heavenly bodies in our solar system are classified as the same thing “planets” they differ in many ways. The two types of planets in the solar system, Terrestrial and Jovian planets, are located in different areas in relation to the sun, have a unique composition, and have different satellites in their orbits due to the planets unique mass and gravitational pull.

One of the big difference’s between Jovian and terrestrial planets is the distance from the sun. All terrestrial planets are relatively a lot closer to the sun vs. Jovian planets. The outer most terrestrial planet is mars and it is at the most 154.8 million miles away from the sun, and it can be as close it is 128.4 million miles away, while the closest Jovian planet is Jupiter, and that is at the most 506.9 million miles away and it can be as close as 460.4 million miles away (Garlick 74-114), which is still a very big difference from mars. This is just an idea of how much the distance differs, The reason being is the formation of the solar system, If you have two clouds of gas and dust from the sun (one is far away and cold while the other is close and hot), the gases from the inner cloud will be lost before it collapses, but the outer cloud on the other hand will expand and collapse, in the end the terrestrial planets end up being mainly composed of metals and rock while the Jovian planets end up being mainly composed of gases and liquid (Howe). Also because the outer planets are outside the frost line, temperatures are cooler and hydrogen compounds are able to condense into ices (Wolf). This is how distance can play the difference between the two types of planets.

The atmosphere and composition also make these planets different. Venus and mars have an atmosphere that is compose of mainly carbon dioxide which is 95% on Venus and 96% on mars, Venus and mars also have nitrogen which is 3.2 percent on Venus and 2.7% on mars (Garlick 74-114), Earth is the only planet with oxygen in the atmosphere which makes up 21% of the atmosphere and 78% is nitrogen, and mercury virtually has no atmosphere (Hamilton). Besides Mercury, you can say carbon dioxide and nitrogen make up the atmosphere for most of the terrestrial planets. Hydrogen and helium make up most of the atmosphere for the Jovian planets, for Jupiter and Saturn it makes up 90% or more of the atmosphere, and the remaining 10% or less is helium, Uranus and Neptune have about 80% hydrogen, 15 to 18% helium and the remaining 2 to 3 % is methane (Spence 54-75). Just the composition of the atmosphere for Jovian and Terrestrial planets differs greatly. As for the rest of the composition, the main difference between these two types of planets is; Jovian planets have relatively no solid parts in the composition, it is mainly gas and liquid, and terrestrial planets are mainly rocks and other solid material (Strobel). This is how the composition and atmosphere of the Jovian and Terrestrial planets differ.

The terrestrial planets have very few satellites, other wise know as moons. This is because the terrestrial planets lack in size compared to the gas giants, therefore they have less of a gravitational pull on the objects around them. There is only three moons that the terrestrial planets have, Mars has two of them, Phobos and Deimos ("Astronomy 161")

while earth haves the other one. The greater masses of the Jovian planets give them a much stronger gravitational pull so they tend to pick up more satellites. Jupiter has the most known satellites, it has an incredible 61 moons (Curtis), Saturn itself has 31 moons like Jupiter some of them haven’t even been named yet. Neptune has 13 moons, and Uranus has 27 moons (Robbins). All together the Jovian planets have an amazing 132 known moons, while the terrestrial planets only have 3 moons. That is a big difference and it is all because of how massive the Jovian planets are compared to the smaller terrestrial planets.

So even though all eight of these beautiful heavenly bodies are categorized as virtually the same thing “planets”, that does not mean they are. The distance, composition, and gravitational pull on objects around them are just some of the main differences but as you look deeper you are guaranteed to find more, and this is perhaps why scientist gave our eight planets two different categories Jovian and terrestrial.

Outline

I know this is much bigger than an outline should be but I went through and got all the info I needed and organized it with a intro so basically everything I need is in this outline, I just need to shorten it a good bit and make it look neat and flow better

*Intro On Aug 24 2006 Pluto was officially stripped of its planetary status, thus confirming it as a dwarf planet. The reason being, is it did not meet the new qualifications to be confirmed a planet in our solar system. This now only leaves us with 8 planets that orbit are star that we call the sun. Even though all these heavenly bodies in our solar system are classified as the same thing (planets) They differ in many way, There is two categories for the planets in our solar system, one is a terrestrial planet, and the other is a Jovian planet, their distance from the sun, composition and the satellites that orbit these planets are some good examples of how they differ and just why they are split in two categories.

*Paragraph one Distance/ and reason why terrestrial planets are always close to sun and Jovian planets are always far away

       One of the big difference’s from gas giants and terrestrial planets is the distance from the sun. All terrestrial planets are relatively a lot closer to the sun vs Jovian planets. The outer most terrestrial planet is mars and it is at the most 154.8 million miles away from the sun and at the nearest it is 128.4 million miles away, while the closest Jovian planet is Jupiter and that is at the most 506.9 million miles away and it can be as close as 460.4 million miles (citation) away which is still a very big difference from mars. This is just an idea of how much the distance differs, The reason being is the formation of the solar system, If you have two clouds of gas and dust from the sun (one is far away and cold while the other is close and hot), the gases from the inner cloud will be lost before it collapses but the outer cloud on the other hand will expand and collapse. In the end the inner planets end up being mainly composed of metals and rock while the outer planets end up being mainly composed of gases and water. (Citation) also because the outer planets are Outside the frost line, temperatures are cooler and hydrogen compounds are able to condense into ices.(citation) Rock and metal are still present in the outer solar system, but both are outnumbered and outweighed by the hydrogen compounds, this is why Jovian planets are composed primarily of hydrogen compounds with traces of rock and metal.( citation)

Paragraph 2 Composer of planets and atmosphere

            Venus and mars have a atmosphere that is compose of mainly carbon dioxide which is 95% on Venus and 96% on mars, Venus and mars also have nitrogen which is 3.2 percent on Venus and 2.7% on mars.(Citation) There is even small traces of argon on mars which equal out to about 1.6%, earth is the only planet whit oxygen in the atmosphere which makes up 21% of the atmosphere and mercury actually has no atmosphere(citation). Hydrogen and helium make up most of the atmosphere for the Jovian planets, for Jupiter and Saturn it makes up 90% or more of the atmosphere, and the remaining 10% or less is helium, Uranus and Neptune have about 80% hydrogen, 15 to 18% helium and the remaining 2 to 3 % is methane(citation). Just the composer of the atmosphere for Jovian and terrestrial planets differ greatly, but the actual composer of the planets do to. Lets compare mars to Saturn since  they are good examples of each category, Mars contain a iron rich core about 1700 km, the core Is surrounded by a molten rocky mantle rich in iron oxide as that of the earth, overlain by a thin crust (citation) While Saturn contains a hot rocky core of heavy elements that is overlain with a liquid metallic hydrogen layer and a molecular hydrogen layer followed by the atmosphere. The main difference in these two types of planets is Jovian planets have relatively no solid parts in the planet it is mainly gas and liquid and terrestrial planets are mainly rocks and other solid material.

Paragraph 3 satellites

     The terrestrial planets have very few satellites other wise know as moons. There is only 3 moons mars has 2 Phobos and Deimos while earth haves one(citation). This is because all terrestrial planets are relatively small earth is the largest of them and even the smallest Jovian planet Neptune is about 4 times larger than earth (citation). The greater masses of the Jovian planets give them a much stronger gravitational pull so they tend to pick up more satellites. Jupiter has the most known satellites it has an incredible 61 moons, Saturn itself has 31 moons like Jupiter some of them haven’t even been named(citation). Neptune has 13 moons and Uranus has 27 moons(citation) all in all The Jovian planets have an amazing 132 known moons while the terrestrial planets only have 3 moons, that is a big difference and it is all because of how massive the Jovian planets are compared to the smaller terrestrial planets.

*Conclusion

Thesis stament

I'M thinking something along this line for my thesis statement, but I'm not yet sure that it is a good one, or a correct one for my category so please comment or make suggestions if you can

Thesis

The two types of planets in the solar system, Terrestrial and Jovian planets, are located in different areas in relation to the sun, have a unique composition, and have different satellites in their orbits due to the planets mass and gravitational pull.

Writing process

Topic- Our solar system and the 2 different kinds of planets that make it up

Purpose- My purpose is to inform the reader that the planets in our solar system are split in 2 categories, and how much the differ and why

Audience- My audience would be my teacher or anyone interested in astronomy or our solar system

Context- My main audience will read this on Oct 6 2010, in the form of an essay in class on the computer (via email or blog)

Strategies- My strategy is to wright a compare and anaylisis essay  in order to show the auidence how these planets differ.

Questions on topic two

For my second essay I'm going to write and compare the different kind of planets that revolve around our sun in this solar system. These are the questions I have so far,
   
What is the difference between gas and solid planets?
   
    How are gas and solid planets made?

    Is it normal for the solid planets to be close to the star or Sun and for the gas planets to be further away?

   Which kind of planet is usually bigger or smaller?

   Do they have a big difference in appearance?

   Are any other solid or gas planets habitable?

   What kind is more common? what kind is more rare?

WORK CITED

                                        Works Cited

-Ankel-Simons, Friderun (2007). "Chapter 8: Postcranial Skeleton". Primate Anatomy (3rd ed.). Academic Press. p. 345 (1st paragraph what is our thumb and what makes it diffrent from the rest of our fingers)

-Young, Richard W. (January 2003). ( Evolution of the human hand)

- Suzanne Kemmer Last modified Feb 7 2008(http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Evol/opposablethumb.html)

- G. Stolyarov II (http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/261705/the_importance_and_evolutionary_significance.html?)

-Project Primate, Inc 2002 (
cat=4)http://www.projectprimate.org/chimps/naturalhistory.shtml)

Draft Revised and Re done

Ricky Liller

Professor Kerr

En 101-1

14-sept-2010

The Importance Of Our Thumbs

      Thumbs are extremely important when it comes to the life we live and the technological advances we have made as humans. Without good opposable thumbs we would not be able to live what we call a normal life. Our thumbs have some different traits from the rest of our fingers which gives us the ability to pick up and grab objects, which in time we can make tools and advance by doing this. We were not the first with thumbs because all kinds of different primates have and had thumbs but it has evolved over time to what we have and would call a habile hand and a opposable thumb. Without this evolution we would certainly not be where we are today!

      First, what exactly is a thumb and what makes it different from the rest of our fingers? The thumb is the first digit of the hand when a person is standing in the medical anatomical position (which is when the palm is stretched forward). The thumb is the lateral most digit. Our thumb has the following in common with the rest of our fingers. They have a skeleton of phalanges joined together by hinge, like joints, that provide flexion toward the palm of the hand. Also all the fingers have a back surface which features hair and a nail and a hairless palm of the hand side with finger print ridges instead. This is what makes the thumb different; it is opposable to the other four fingers. It only has two phalanges rather than three and it is attached to such a mobile metacarpus, which produces most of the opposability. (Ankel-Simons, Friderun )This is why we are able to pick up and grab objects, which is crucial to our life and existence today. Without thumbs we would not be able to write, cook, play instruments or even make tools to make instruments in the first place.

       We were not the first with thumbs but we have the most advanced and habile hand and thumb and the good knowledge to use it. Phylogenetic studies suggest that the primitive autonomization of the first carpometacarpal joint (CMC) occurred in dinosaurs approximately 365 million years ago. A real differentiation appeared perhaps 70 million years ago in early primates, while the shape of the human thumb CMC finally appears about five million years ago. The result of this evolution is a human CMC joint positioned at 80° of pronation, 40° of abduction, and 50° of flexion in relation to an axis passing through the second and third CMC. ( Young, Richard W. January 2003. )The thumbs we have today came from a long line of evolution. Opposable thumbs are shared by many primates including most simians and some prosimians. This gave them the ability to grip, climb trees, gather and pick fruit which was essential to their living. Some primates with opposable thumbs are pandas, gorillas, koala bears, leisure apes, chimpanzees, and cebids. Opossums’ have opposable thumbs on their feet and raccoons have thumbs but they are not opposable. (Suzanne Kemmer ) Through evolution and changes, we eventually got the habile hands and thumbs that we have today.

     So now that we know the difference between are thumbs and rest of are fingers, and that we were not the first being or mammal to develop thumbs, we just need to know how exactly important they are, and would we be where we are today without them. The opposable thumb has helped the human species develop more accurate fine motor skills. It has also been suggested to have directly led to the development of tools, not just in humans or their evolutionary ancestors, but other primates as well. (G. Stolyarov II) The thumb, in conjunction with the other fingers make humans and other species with similar hands some of the most dexterous in the world.

As for an example look at the Chimpanzees they are extremely smart animals. They also have opposable thumbs as mentioned earlier. They are native to central Africa in the forest. Their opposable thumbs allows them to climb trees which is helpful when hiding from predators and when gathering food like bananas. They also would not be able to peel the banana without the thumb. They get around faster by swinging from limb to limb in the tress which would not be possible either. The most fascinating thing is the use of tools. Chimps use and prepare sticks to fish for termites by poking them into their mounds and waiting for them to grab on. They also use rocks and a log which would be similar to a hammer and anvil to crack open nuts to get their food. (Project Primate, Inc) Chimps are extremely smart but even with knowledge none of this would be possible without their opposable thumbs. Humans can be compared to this, without our thumbs we would not be able to live the life we live today. We would not be able to pick up objects, make tools, grab, climb, or anything like that. So it is certain that our overlooked thumbs helped to spark and innovate new technology that we use today and none of this would be possible without them.
       The thumbs we have today are extremely important to our existence and life style today. Without our human hands basically everything we do today would not be possible. We would not be highly civilized like we are today. We would not be able to make or grip tools to evolve and become more efficient and smarter as we are today. So whether it was evolution, adaptation or just our luck of being born with our habile hands and thumbs. We are extremely lucky because we may not of even still exist without them because of how essential they are to our living.

draft

         Thumbs are extremely important when it comes to the life we live and the technological advances we have made as humans. Without good opposable thumbs we would not be able to live what we call a normal life. Our thumbs have some different traits from the rest of our fingers which gives us the ability to pick up and grab objects, which in time we can make tools and advance by doing this. We were not the first with thumbs because all kinds of different primates have and had thumbs but it has evolved over time to what we have and would call a habile hand and a opposable thumb. Without this evolution we would certainly not be where we are today!


          First, what exactly is a thumb and what makes it different from the rest of our fingers? I visited the web site wikipedia to find my answer to this question. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumb. The thumb is the first digit of the hand when a person is standing in the medical anatomical position (which is when the palm is stretched forward). The thumb is the lateral most digit. Our thumb has the following in common with the rest of our fingers. They have a skeleton of phalanges joined together by hinge, like joints, that provide flexion toward the palm of the hand. Also all the fingers have a back surface which features hair and a nail and a hairless palm of the hand side with finger print ridges instead. This is what makes the thumb different; it is opposable to the other four fingers. It only has two phalanges rather than three and it is attached to such a mobile metacarpus, which produces most of the opposability. This is why we are able to pick up and grab objects, which is crucial to our life and existence today. Without thumbs we would not be able to write, cook, play instruments or even make tools to make instruments in the first place.

           We were not the first with thumbs but we have the most advanced and habile thumb and the good knowledge to use it. Using wikipedia, I found that phylogenetic studies suggest that the primitive autonomization of the first carpometacarpal joint (CMC) occurred in dinosaurs approximately 365 million years ago. A real differentiation appeared perhaps 70 million years ago in early primates, while the shape of the human thumb CMC finally appears about five million years ago. The result of this evolution is a human CMC joint positioned at 80° of pronation, 40° of abduction, and 50° of flexion in relation to an axis passing through the second and third CMC. The thumbs we have today came from a long line of evolution. Opposable thumbs are shared by many primates including most simians and some prosimians. This gave them the ability to grip, climb trees, gather and pick fruit which was essential to their living. Some primates with opposable thumbs are pandas, gorillas, koala bears, leisure apes, chimpanzees, and cebids. Opossums’ have opposable thumbs on their feet and raccoons have thumbs but they are not opposable. I got most of this off of wikipedia and some of it I got off this web-site http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Evol/opposablethumb.html Through evolution and changes, we eventually got the habile hands and thumbs that we have today.

       So now that we know the difference between are thumbs and rest of are fingers, and that we were not the first being or mammal to develop thumbs, we just need to know how exactly important they are, and would we be where we are today without them. The opposable thumb has helped the human species develop more accurate fine motor skills. It has also been suggested to have directly led to the development of tools, not just in humans or their evolutionary ancestors, but other primates as well. The thumb, in conjunction with the other fingers make humans and other species with similar hands some of the most dexterous in the world.

    The thumbs we have today are extremely important to our existence and life style today. Without our human hands basically everything we do today would not be possible. We would not be highly civilized like we are today. We would not be able to make or grip tools to evolve and become more efficient and smarter as we are today.

outline

Thesis- Thumbs are extremely important when it comes to the life we live and the technological advances we have made as humans we weren't the first ones with thumbs but over time evolution gave us the opposable  thumbs and habile hand we have today

1st paragraph-what are thumbs and what makes them different from the rest of our fingers and why they are important

2nd- Who was the first to have them and how did they evolve to the thumbs we have today

3rd-Would we be were we are at today without them

conclusion

Questions

   I choose to wright about the importance of out thumbs, They seem to be something that everyone takes for granted, and it is something mentioned in the song I have choose. Thinking about this I have came up with these questions to ask myself


   How important are thumbs?,
Where humans the first being or mammal to have a thumb?,
 Would we be where we are at today without thumbs?
 Are we the only living thing with thumbs?
 Could one survive without both of there thumbs, or live a normal life?
 What all do we use are thumbs for?
What makes are thumbs so much different for the rest of are fingers?